European Association of Zoos and Aquaria
EAZA
EAZA is a membership organization setting standards for progressive zoos and aquariums across Europe.
Lobbying Activity
Meeting with Andrea Gavinelli (Head of Unit Health and Food Safety)
19 May 2025 · Discussion on animal welfare, EAZA’s possible participation in the EU Platform for animal welfare
Response to Updating the list of invasive species threatening biodiversity and ecosystem services across the EU
24 Mar 2025
EAZA, the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria, is a not-for-profit organisation connecting 440 Member institutions across 47 countries in Europe. EAZA sets progressive standards and facilitates the collaboration of accredited Member zoos, aquariums and their partners in animal care and welfare, science-based species conservation, research and education. The following feedback has been prepared in consultation with EAZA Taxon Advisory Groups, which oversee animal population management (EAZA Ex situ Programmes, EEP) and conservation for the individual taxa. Please refer to the attachment for more comprehensive comments on the below species and their risk assessment. EAZA supports adding Castor canadensis to the List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern and generally agrees with the conclusions of the risk assessment. The species is not part of an EEP and only a limited number of EAZA and non-EAZA institutions host it. An EU-wide listing is justified to prevent even unlikely establishment of wild populations in new EU regions EAZA does not support the inclusion of Cervus nippon in the Union List. The Vietnamese (or Indochinese) sika deer Cervus nippon pseudaxis is one of the many subspecies of the sika deer. It is considered extinct in the wild. Currently, EAZA Members host around 300 individuals, managed through a specific ex-situ programme which is most likely the only viable and managed ex situ population of the subspecies in the world. Listing the sika deer under the Union List would threaten ex-situ conservation efforts and hinder any future attempts at reintroducing this critically endangered subspecies to the wild. EAZA also raises concerns about the risk assessment process. While there is no doubt that the sika deer had already established populations in the risk assessment area, EAZA disagrees with i) the definition and extent of damage and costs attributed to the species' presence; ii) the assumptions about future impacts and potential spread; and iii) the likelihood of new introductions, given current strict regulations on ungulate imports. EAZA experts deem that targeted, localised action is the most appropriate approach rather than adding the species to the Union List. Listing sika deer would severely impact the conservation benefits of maintaining the Vietnamese subpopulation in zoos, without effectively addressing the impacts of already established populations. Conversely, excluding sika deer from the Union List would allow conservation efforts to continue unhindered while still enabling institutions to manage and benefit from holding the species. In regions where sika deer are recognized as invasive, tailored national or local programmes should be implemented to prevent, control, or eradicate wild populations as needed. EAZA is in strong favor of including Neogale vison in the Union List. The American mink is one of the most damaging invasive species in Europe, and scientific evidence supports its listing. While the mink farming sector views listing as a threat, the Regulation allows farms to operate under stricter biosecurity measures. Effective control of feral populations is only possible with EU-wide coordination. The costs of listing are outweighed by the benefits, and failure to act risks economic losses and weakens the EUs commitment to biodiversity goals.
Read full responseMeeting with Elisabetta Gualmini (Member of the European Parliament) and Associazione Italiana Lattiero Casearia
18 Feb 2025 · AGRI Committee
Meeting with Pascal Arimont (Member of the European Parliament)
15 Jan 2025 · Biodiversity conservation
Response to Updating the list of invasive species threatening biodiversity and ecosystem services across the EU
14 Dec 2021
EAZA, the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria, is a not for profit association which represents and links over 400 institutions in 48 countries, of which 25 are EU Member States. EAZA’s mission is to facilitate cooperation across the European zoo and aquarium community towards the goals of education, research and biodiversity conservation through maintaining healthy populations of animals in human care to ensure their long-term survival. The table below specifies the concerns and comments of the Deer Taxon Advisory Group (TAG) within EAZA to the risk summaries table found within the Axis deer (Axis axis) risk assessment. TAGs are composed of taxon-specific experts, with knowledge and experience spanning topics such as zoology, in situ and ex situ conservation, veterinary medicine and taxonomy.
Read full responseResponse to Animal welfare labelling for food
23 Aug 2021
EAZA welcomes this opportunity to provide feedback to the IIA on the revision of EU legislation concerning animal welfare. EU animal welfare legislation which is deemed applicable to non-domestic animal species is limited to Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2005 of 22 December 2004 on the protection of animals during transport and related operations, which considers the animal welfare in transport for some movements of zoo and aquarium animals. Thus, our feedback to the IIA will be limited to the points relating to animal transport. Please see the attached file for further details on our feedback.
Read full responseResponse to Model official certificates for certain categories of terrestrial animals and germinal products thereof
2 Nov 2020
EAZA, the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria, is a not for profit association which represents and links over 400 institutions in 47 countries, of which 25 are EU Member States. EAZA’s mission is to facilitate cooperation across the European zoo and aquarium community towards the goals of education, research and biodiversity conservation through maintaining healthy populations of animals in human care to ensure their long-term survival. It is within this context, EAZA wishes to voice some comments and concerns regarding the proposed text of the Commission Implementing Regulation and its Annex.
We have a number of concerns about the proposed health certificate specifications and procedures. Our attachment highlights these and suggests improvements.
Read full response13 Feb 2020
EAZA, the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria, is a not for profit association which represents and links over 400 institutions in 47 countries, of which 25 are EU Member States. EAZA’s mission is to facilitate cooperation across the European zoo and aquarium community towards the goals of education, research and biodiversity conservation through maintaining healthy populations of animals in human care to ensure their long-term survival.
Globally, public aquariums are uniquely placed to contribute to reversing the global biodiversity crisis. Not only through direct conservation actions with freshwater and marine species, but also through public engagement on specific topics. It is within this context that EAZA wishes to voice some comments regarding the proposed text of the Commission Delegated Regulation and its Annexes. Please see the attached document for further detail.
Read full responseResponse to EU 2030 Biodiversity Strategy
20 Jan 2020
The European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) calls for next EU biodiversity strategy to:
- be founded on ambitious, quantifiable and implementable targets;
- be granted adequate funding and inclusive of actions to mobilize vast additional financial resources;
- be mainstreamed across EU policies; address biodiversity loss both in- and outside the EU (as part of EU’s overall global commitments but also and especially as EU’s responsibility for imported biodiversity loss);
- strive for bigger degrees of synergy across sectors and instruments.
Specifically, we recommend that species conservation be emphasized both in the EU strategy and the global framework, and that the EU strategy enables an integrated approach to in situ and ex situ conservation.
Please see the attached document for further background and detail.
Read full responseResponse to Approval of aquaculture establishments and traceability of aquatic animals
25 Nov 2019
EAZA, the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria, is a not for profit association which represents and links
over 400 institutions in 47 countries, of which 26 are EU Member States. EAZA’s mission is to facilitate
cooperation across the European zoo and aquarium community towards the goals of education, research and
biodiversity conservation through maintaining healthy populations of animals in human care to ensure their
long-term survival.
Globally, public aquariums are uniquely placed to contribute to reversing the global biodiversity crisis. Not only
through direct conservation actions, with freshwater and marine species, but also through public engagement
on specific topics. This was recently exemplified by the campaign coordinated by the European Commission,
spearheaded by Commissioner Vella, to #BeatPlasticPollution with the global aquarium community being
integral partners. It is within this context that EAZA wishes to voice some comments regarding the proposed text of the
Commission Delegated Regulation and its Annexes
Read full response24 Sept 2019
EAZA, the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria, is a not for profit association which represents and links
over 400 institutions in 48 countries, of which 26 are EU Member States. EAZA’s mission is to facilitate
cooperation across the European zoo and aquarium community towards the goals of education, research and
biodiversity conservation through maintaining healthy populations of animals in human care to ensure their
long-term survival.
Animal transfers between institutions are central to the functionality and conservation successes of the EAZA
Ex Situ Programmes (EEPs). The EEPs are scientifically-managed joint population management programmes for
around 400 species, many of them threatened. With some 25% of our Members located outside the EU, the
possibility to move EEP animals across the external EU border is just as important as intra-EU transfers.
While the number of imports from third countries is relatively low, the diversity of species in these imports is
very high. Many of these species require specialist care and facilities. They can also be highly dangerous to
humans during transportation and handling, with clinical examination often requiring general anaesthesia.
It is within this context that EAZA wishes to voice some comments regarding the proposed text of the
Commission Implementing Regulation and its Annexes.
Further detail is contained in the attachment.
Read full responseResponse to Lists of diseases for Union surveillance programme and for disease-free compartments
28 Aug 2019
EAZA, the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria, is a not for profit association which represents and links
over 400 institutions in 47 countries, of which 26 are EU Member States. EAZA’s mission is to facilitate
cooperation across the European zoo and aquarium community towards the goals of education, research and
biodiversity conservation through maintaining healthy populations of animals in human care to ensure their
long-term survival.
It is within this context that EAZA wishes to voice some comments regarding the proposed text of the
Commission Implementing Regulation and its Annexes, specifically with relation to highlighting the importance of specific derogations for our
community contained within Directive 2005/94/EC pertaining to zoos and avian influenza (both HPAI and LPAI) given that Regulation 2016/429 repeals this Directive.
Further detail is given in the attachment.
Thank you.
Read full response23 Jul 2019
EAZA, the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria, is a not for profit association which represents and links over 400 institutions in 47 countries, of which 26 are EU Member States. EAZA’s mission is to facilitate cooperation across the European zoo and aquarium community towards the goals of education, research and biodiversity conservation through maintaining healthy populations of animals in human care to ensure their long-term survival.
Our conservation mandate stems from Article 9 of the Convention on Biological Diversity and, in the EU, from the Zoos Directive 1999/22/EC. The movement of zoo animals between and within Member States is an essential component of EAZA’s ex situ conservation work, allowing us to maintain genetically healthy and selfsustaining populations of non-domestic animals in human care. Coordinated population management programmes currently exist in EAZA for 390 species, many of which are threatened with extinction in their native ranges.
The maintenance of these ex situ animal populations has historically been greatly facilitated through 92/65/EEC, ‘the Balai Directive’. It is within this context that EAZA wishes to voice some comments regarding the proposed text of the Commission Delegated Regulation and its Annexes. Please see the attachment for further detailed feedback.
Read full responseResponse to Animal disease prevention and control measures
19 Jul 2019
EAZA, the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria, is a not for profit association which represents and links
over 400 institutions in 47 countries, of which 26 are EU Member States. EAZA’s mission is to facilitate
cooperation across the European zoo and aquarium community towards the goals of education, research and
biodiversity conservation through maintaining healthy populations of animals in human care to ensure their
long-term survival.
It is within this context that EAZA wishes to voice some comments regarding the proposed text of the
Commission Delegated Regulation and its Annexes. These comments are provided from the perspectives of a
‘zoo’ (as defined by Article 2 of the ‘EU Zoos Directive’ 1999/22/EC) and a ‘confined establishment’ (as defined
by Article 4 of the EU ‘Animal Health Law’ Regulation 2016/429). The attached document provides further detail.
Read full response12 Jul 2019
EAZA, the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria, is a not for profit association which represents and links over 400 institutions in 47 countries, of which 26 are EU Member States. EAZA’s mission is to facilitate cooperation across the European zoo and aquarium community towards the goals of education, research and biodiversity conservation through maintaining healthy populations of animals in human care to ensure their long-term survival.
Importation of ungulates from third countries into EU-based EAZA Members occurs on a sporadic basis. Nonetheless, the potential to import ungulates from approved institutions in third countries under the existing Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 780/2013, has aided global ex situ conservation efforts for a number of endangered ungulate species.
Additionally, assisted reproductive techniques and the use of germinal products by the zoological community have contributed to successful reproduction and conservation of numerous endangered species . The use of such techniques is posed only to increase in the future, contributing to the improvement of the genetic diversity, health and conservation potential of the species within our care.
It is within this context, EAZA wishes to voice some comments regarding the proposed text of the Commission Delegated Regulation and its Annexes. Further details are contained in the attached document.
Read full responseResponse to Animal disease notification, reporting, surveillance, eradication and disease-free status
2 Jul 2019
EAZA, the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria, is a not for profit association which represents and links over 400 institutions in 47 countries, of which 26 are EU Member States. EAZA’s mission is to facilitate cooperation across the European zoo and aquarium community towards the goals of education, research and biodiversity conservation through maintaining healthy populations of animals in human care to ensure their long-term survival.
The requirement for Approved Bodies, Institutes or Centres (as defined in Article 2 of Directive 92/65/EEC) to undertake surveillance of certain listed infectious diseases affecting zoo animals was previously mandated within Annexes A, B and C of the same Directive. Such surveillance actions not only facilitated the movements of animals between approved institutions for conservation breeding, but also acknowledged the challenging situation faced by zoo clinicians with regards to diagnosis of specific diseases in non-domestic species often utilising unvalidated methodologies.
It is within this context, EAZA wishes to voice some comments regarding the proposed text of the Commission Delegated Regulation and its Annexes. Please see the attachment for our detailed feedback.
Read full responseResponse to The Information Management System for Official Controls regulation (IMSOC)
17 Jun 2019
EAZA, the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria, is a not for profit association which represents and links over 400 institutions in 47 countries, of which 26 are EU Member States. EAZA’s mission is to facilitate cooperation across the European zoo and aquarium community towards the goals of education, research and biodiversity conservation through maintaining healthy populations of animals in human care to ensure their long-term survival.
In this context, EAZA wishes to voice some comments regarding the proposed text of the Commission Implementing Regulation, ‘the IMSOC Regulation’ and its Annexes. These comments are provided from the perspectives of a ‘zoo’ (as defined by Article 2 of the ‘EU Zoos Directive’ 1999/22/EC) and a ‘confined establishment’ (as defined by Article 4 of the EU ‘Animal Health Law’ Regulation 2016/429).
Please see the attached file for further details.
Read full responseResponse to Rules for establishments keeping terrestrial animals and hatcheries and their traceability
20 May 2019
EAZA, the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria, is a not for profit association which represents and links over 400 institutions in 47 countries, of which 26 are EU Member States. Our conservation mandate stems primarily from Article 9 of the Convention on Biological Diversity and, in the EU, from the Zoos Directive 1999/22/EC. The movement of animals within and between Member States is an essential component of EAZA’s ex situ conservation work, allowing us to maintain genetically healthy and selfsustaining populations of non-domestic animals in human care. Coordinated population management programmes currently exist in EAZA for 390 species, many of which are threatened with extinction in their native ranges. The maintenance of EAZA’s ex situ populations has historically been greatly facilitated through the approval system as laid down in Annex C of 92/65/EEC, ‘the Balai Directive’.
In this context, EAZA wishes to raise some comments and concerns regarding the proposed text of Commission Delegated Regulation supplementing Regulation (EU) 2016/429 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards rules for establishments keeping terrestrial animals and hatcheries, and the traceability of certain
kept terrestrial animals and hatching eggs and its Annexes. Please see the attached file for further detail.
Read full responseResponse to Update of the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern
5 Apr 2019
The European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) and our 400+ Members have been closely following the establishment and implementation of the EU IAS Regulation and the updates of the IAS list. Within our EAZA Conservation Standards we make a specific commitment to our responsibility for the conservation of species native to the EAZA region. Aligning with this commitment we wish to express our surprise and concern about the non-inclusion of the American mink (Neovison vison) in the upcoming update of the list. There is abundant scientific evidence that clearly demonstrates the negative impacts American mink have on European biodiversity. It is our opinion that the non-inclusion of American mink threatens to undermine the entire IAS Regulation and its positive impacts.
We further articulate our concerns and the evidence behind them in the attached letter, and strongly urge the European Commission and the Member States to revisit the listing of the American mink in the future.
Read full response19 Mar 2019
EAZA, the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria, is a not for profit association which represents and links over 400 institutions in 47 countries, of which 26 are EU Member States. We have some concerns that the proposed text of the Commission Implementing Regulation to lay down detailed rules on minimum requirements for border control posts, including inspection centres, and for the format, categories and abbreviations to use for listing border control posts and control points and its Annexes will have negative impacts on species conservation efforts. Please see the attached file for more information and some suggested adaptations that could address the concerns raised.
Read full responseResponse to Movements within the Union of germinal products of certain kept terrestrial animals
4 Feb 2019
EAZA, the (European Association of Zoos and Aquaria) is a not for profit association which represents and links over 400 institutions in 47 countries, of which 26 are EU Member States. Assisted reproductive techniques and use of germinal products by the zoological community have contributed to successful reproduction and conservation of numerous endangered species, and the use of such techniques is posed only to increase in the future.
With this in mind, EAZA is partly supportive of the Commission Delegated Regulation supplementing Regulation (EU) 2016/429 of the European Parliament and of the Council. However, the current proposed text does raise some concerns and comments for our community. Specific comments are detailed in the attached letter.
Read full response15 Aug 2018
The proposed Regulation SANTE/10766/2018 aimed at prohibiting the importation of listed species of woody plants would present serious challenges to zoos and aquariums across the European Union. Plants of the 39 listed genera are integral to zoo exhibits, satisfying biological needs, enhancing species specific enrichment, and meeting the educational outcomes of a zoo visit; all key elements of the requirements of the EU Zoos Directive (1999/22/EC), the existing legislation controlling the operation of zoological institutions in the Union.
Meeting biological requirements and welfare needs of animals is acknowledged by scientists to be improved through the provision of a living environment that reflects the evolutionary niche of the species, and this must include the inclusion of botanical specimens with which animals can interact. Public education around animal species and biodiversity is increasingly rooted in the presentation of such species within a realistic recreation of their habitat; tropical exhibits that can provide a solid understanding of the jungle habitat for example, would be incomplete and misleading without the inclusion of woody plant genera such as Ficus. Zoo-held specimens of the listed genera also provide an important resource for scientific research into the interaction of animals with plants in their habitat, the findings of which can make important contributions to the conservation of animal and plant species as well as the overall ecology.
Many institutions carry out reintroduction programmes for animal species, and not being able to bring native plant species that the animals may encounter once returned could be detrimental to the process. Having exposure to these native plant species allows a less stressful change of environment and makes the chance of a successful move more possible.
Accredited zoos employ qualified horticulturists with a solid understanding of the prevention of disease spread, and the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA), its Zoo Horticulture Group and its Members maintain close relations with botanical gardens and ethical plant suppliers, reinforcing a network of high responsibility that can reduce to negligibility the risk of disease contagion. As such, we believe that while every effort must be made to ensure that only healthy specimens of plants and seeds listed by the proposed regulation can be imported, the proposed regulation is unnecessary and irrelevant in the light of existing legislation and controls. In addition, approving Regulation SANTE/10766/2018 would hamper implementation of the EU Zoos Directive, an existing law of the Union, by zoos and aquariums.
Formed in 1992, EAZA’s mission is to facilitate cooperation within the European zoo and aquarium community towards the goals of biodiversity conservation, research and education through maintaining viable populations of animals in human care to ensure their long-term survival. EAZA has over 400 members in 47 countries, out of which 26 are EU Member States. Every year 140 million visits are made to visit EAZA institutions ensuring we reach one in four European citizens.
Read full responseResponse to Reducing marine litter: action on single use plastics and fishing gear
23 Jul 2018
Formed in 1992, EAZA’s (European Association of Zoos and Aquaria) mission is to facilitate cooperation within the European zoo and aquarium community towards the goals of biodiversity conservation, research and education through maintaining viable populations of animals in human care to ensure their long-term survival.
EAZA is supportive of this Directive and ethos contained within to reduce marine litter given the clear negative impacts single-use plastics have on multiple ecosystems, wildlife health and in-situ conservation efforts (1)(2)(3).
There are a number of points contained within the proposed Directive which EAZA would like to comment on:
• EAZA feels that the proposed measures associated with food and beverage plastics should go further than just consumption restriction and indeed include market restriction measures.
• EAZA supports and commends the European Commission for the inclusion of balloons and balloon holders within this Directive. Balloons have long been associated with negative impacts on wildlife health following ingestion, these effects are best observed within the marine environment amongst predators who are thought to confuse deflated balloons with prey species such as squid and jellyfish. The impacts of balloons can be seen across a range of species including seabirds(4), turtles(5) and cetaceans(6). Marine turtles have been shown to ingest a disproportionate amount of balloons when compared to other forms of plastic marine pollution(5).
• Providing additional clarity about the definition of single use plastics products and what constitutes as packaging will aid in the implementation of the Directive.
• EAZA suggests that further supplementary documents from the European Commission stipulating proposed long-term objectives (e.g. percentage reduction values) and associated timelines would only help Member States and associated stakeholders in the reduction of single-use plastics.
EAZA would also like to highlight the role we can play as a community within the areas of environmental public education and behaviour change with reference to reducing single-use plastics and marine pollution. Collectively, across our Membership of around 300 zoos and aquariums within the European Union, we receive approximately 140 million visitors annually. Such a high level of visitor attendance allows for a huge potential platform to educate and inform the European public on the harm caused by single-use plastics and empower them to make daily changes to reduce their consumption.
We welcome any future opportunities to discuss the above points with the European Commission.
References
(1) Li, W.C., Tse, H.F. and Fok, L., 2016. Plastic waste in the marine environment: A review of sources, occurrence and effects. Science of the Total Environment, 566, pp.333-349.
(2) Derraik, J.G., 2002. The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review. Marine pollution bulletin, 44(9), pp.842-852.
(3) Rochman, C.M., Browne, M.A., Underwood, A.J., Van Franeker, J.A., Thompson, R.C. and Amaral‐Zettler, L.A., 2016. The ecological impacts of marine debris: unraveling the demonstrated evidence from what is perceived. Ecology, 97(2), pp.302-312.
(4) Acampora, H., Schuyler, Q.A., Townsend, K.A. and Hardesty, B.D., 2014. Comparing plastic ingestion in juvenile and adult stranded short-tailed shearwaters (Puffinus tenuirostris) in eastern Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 78(1-2), pp.63-68.
(5) Schuyler, Q., Hardesty, B.D., Wilcox, C. and Townsend, K., 2012. To eat or not to eat? Debris selectivity by marine turtles. PloS one, 7(7), p.e40884.
(6) de Stephanis, R., Giménez, J., Carpinelli, E., Gutierrez-Exposito, C. and Cañadas, A., 2013. As main meal for sperm whales: Plastics debris. Marine pollution bulletin, 69(1-2), pp.206-214.
Read full responseResponse to RoHS exemption 18b for lead as activator in the fluorescent powder of discharge lamps containing phosphors
12 Jul 2018
Formed in 1992, EAZA (European Association of Zoos and Aquaria) is a non-profit conservation organisation, with a mission is to facilitate cooperation within the European zoo and aquarium community towards the goals of public education and engagement, scientific research and biodiversity conservation. EAZA believes that zoos and aquariums have a key role to play in nature conservation both at our Member institutions and in the field, and believes that maintaining wild animals in human care are central to this mission.
EAZA is fully supportive of the decision to allow for the use of lead in the production of fluorescent discharge lamps. Despite the focus of this exemption being on the benefits of ultraviolet (UV) lamps to human health, EAZA is keen to emphasise the critical use of UV phosphor-containing lamps within our community to the benefit of the health and welfare of many zoo species.
Exposure to natural sunlight, in particular UV-B radiation (of the wavelength 290-315nm), is essential for the production of vitamin D3 within the skin and subsequent absorption of calcium from the gut in a wide range of animal species. Without exposure UV-B radiation, vitamin D3 levels fall alongside the level of calcium in the bloodstream. Long term this calcium deficiency can result in the resorption of skeletal calcium and the development of so-called “Metabolic Bone Disease” (1). Such conditions arising from lack of UV-B exposure were once commonly seen across a large range of captive reptilian (2), amphibian (3), avian (4) and mammalian (5) species.
By providing such species with natural levels of UV-B radiation, through the routine use of lead containing phosphor lamps, we can prevent the development of such conditions which negatively impact upon captive animal health and welfare. EAZA therefore welcomes the decision of the European Commission to continue the exemption of lead as an activator in the fluorescent powder of UV phosphor lamps, to the aid of human and animal health.
(1). Holick, M.F., (2003) Vitamin D: a millenium perspective. Journal of cellular biochemistry, 88(2), pp.296-307.
(2). Selleri, P. and Di Girolamo, N., (2012) Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations in Hermann's tortoises (Testudo hermanni) exposed to natural sunlight and two artificial ultraviolet radiation sources. American journal of veterinary research, 73(11), pp.1781-1786.
(3). Antwis, R.E. and Browne, R.K., (2009) Ultraviolet radiation and Vitamin D3 in amphibian health, behaviour, diet and conservation. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 154(2), pp.184-190.
(4). Stanford, M., 2006. Effects of UVB radiation on calcium metabolism in psittacine birds. The Veterinary record, 159(8), pp.236-241.
(5). Gacad, M.A., Deseran, M.W. and Adams, J.S., (1992) Influence of ultraviolet B radiation on vitamin D3 metabolism in vitamin D3‐resistant New World primates. American Journal of Primatology, 28(4), pp.263-270.
Read full response23 May 2018
The European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) represents over 400 zoo and aquarium organisations across 47 countries, including 26 Member States. EAZA is in part supportive of the Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) amending the list of diseases set out in Annex II to Regulation (EU) 2016/429 of the European Parliament and of the Council on transmissible animal diseases and amending and repealing certain acts in the area of animal health (‛Animal Health Law’). However, we also have some concerns. These are further detailed in the attached supporting documentation.
We welcome further dialogue on this important topic.
Read full response